Toothpaste hasn’t always been minty—and brushing your teeth used to be a lot stranger. Here’s a look at how people cleaned their teeth before floss, fluoride, and electric brushes.

Ancient Romans – Crushed Mouse Brains and Ash
Romans used a mix of ashes, vinegar, and sometimes crushed mouse brains to clean their teeth. Abrasive materials like pumice and charcoal were also common. It was effective at scouring the teeth—but not exactly minty fresh.

Ancient Egyptians – Eggshells and Burnt Ox Hooves
Egyptians created a tooth-cleaning powder from crushed eggshells, burnt ox hooves, and myrrh. The recipe had surprisingly good results for its time, though it likely wore down enamel over time.

Medieval Europe – Urine as Mouthwash

Aged urine was once used to whiten teeth and freshen breath. Its ammonia content made it a functional—if repulsive—cleanser. Romans, and later some Europeans, embraced this grim routine.

Indigenous Cultures – Chewing Sticks (Miswak)
In parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, people used twigs from certain trees (especially Salvadora persica) as natural toothbrushes. Miswak contains antibacterial compounds and is still used today.

Vikings – Tooth Grooves and Resin Fillings
Some Viking warriors intentionally filed grooves into their front teeth, possibly filling them with resin or pigment. It was likely done for ritual or intimidation purposes—not hygiene—but shows cultural attention to the mouth.

Ancient Chinese – Pig Bristle Toothbrushes
Early toothbrushes in China were made using stiff hog bristles attached to bone or bamboo handles. While rough and not very sanitary, this innovation directly inspired the modern toothbrush.

Victorian Era – Brandy as Mouthwash
Brandy or whiskey was often used to clean the mouth and numb tooth pain. Alcohol served as both a disinfectant and a way to endure dental work without anesthetic.